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      1 namespace Eigen {
      2 
      3 /** \eigenManualPage QuickRefPage Quick reference guide
      4 
      5 \eigenAutoToc
      6 
      7 <hr>
      8 
      9 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>
     10 \section QuickRef_Headers Modules and Header files
     11 
     12 The Eigen library is divided in a Core module and several additional modules. Each module has a corresponding header file which has to be included in order to use the module. The \c %Dense and \c Eigen header files are provided to conveniently gain access to several modules at once.
     13 
     14 <table class="manual">
     15 <tr><th>Module</th><th>Header file</th><th>Contents</th></tr>
     16 <tr            ><td>\link Core_Module Core \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Core>\endcode</td><td>Matrix and Array classes, basic linear algebra (including triangular and selfadjoint products), array manipulation</td></tr>
     17 <tr class="alt"><td>\link Geometry_Module Geometry \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Geometry>\endcode</td><td>Transform, Translation, Scaling, Rotation2D and 3D rotations (Quaternion, AngleAxis)</td></tr>
     18 <tr            ><td>\link LU_Module LU \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/LU>\endcode</td><td>Inverse, determinant, LU decompositions with solver (FullPivLU, PartialPivLU)</td></tr>
     19 <tr class="alt"><td>\link Cholesky_Module Cholesky \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Cholesky>\endcode</td><td>LLT and LDLT Cholesky factorization with solver</td></tr>
     20 <tr            ><td>\link Householder_Module Householder \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Householder>\endcode</td><td>Householder transformations; this module is used by several linear algebra modules</td></tr>
     21 <tr class="alt"><td>\link SVD_Module SVD \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/SVD>\endcode</td><td>SVD decompositions with least-squares solver (JacobiSVD, BDCSVD)</td></tr>
     22 <tr            ><td>\link QR_Module QR \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/QR>\endcode</td><td>QR decomposition with solver (HouseholderQR, ColPivHouseholderQR, FullPivHouseholderQR)</td></tr>
     23 <tr class="alt"><td>\link Eigenvalues_Module Eigenvalues \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Eigenvalues>\endcode</td><td>Eigenvalue, eigenvector decompositions (EigenSolver, SelfAdjointEigenSolver, ComplexEigenSolver)</td></tr>
     24 <tr            ><td>\link Sparse_Module Sparse \endlink</td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Sparse>\endcode</td><td>%Sparse matrix storage and related basic linear algebra (SparseMatrix, SparseVector) \n (see \ref SparseQuickRefPage for details on sparse modules)</td></tr>
     25 <tr class="alt"><td></td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Dense>\endcode</td><td>Includes Core, Geometry, LU, Cholesky, SVD, QR, and Eigenvalues header files</td></tr>
     26 <tr            ><td></td><td>\code#include <Eigen/Eigen>\endcode</td><td>Includes %Dense and %Sparse header files (the whole Eigen library)</td></tr>
     27 </table>
     28 
     29 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>
     30 \section QuickRef_Types Array, matrix and vector types
     31 
     32 
     33 \b Recall: Eigen provides two kinds of dense objects: mathematical matrices and vectors which are both represented by the template class Matrix, and general 1D and 2D arrays represented by the template class Array:
     34 \code
     35 typedef Matrix<Scalar, RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime, Options> MyMatrixType;
     36 typedef Array<Scalar, RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime, Options> MyArrayType;
     37 \endcode
     38 
     39 \li \c Scalar is the scalar type of the coefficients (e.g., \c float, \c double, \c bool, \c int, etc.).
     40 \li \c RowsAtCompileTime and \c ColsAtCompileTime are the number of rows and columns of the matrix as known at compile-time or \c Dynamic.
     41 \li \c Options can be \c ColMajor or \c RowMajor, default is \c ColMajor. (see class Matrix for more options)
     42 
     43 All combinations are allowed: you can have a matrix with a fixed number of rows and a dynamic number of columns, etc. The following are all valid:
     44 \code
     45 Matrix<double, 6, Dynamic>                  // Dynamic number of columns (heap allocation)
     46 Matrix<double, Dynamic, 2>                  // Dynamic number of rows (heap allocation)
     47 Matrix<double, Dynamic, Dynamic, RowMajor>  // Fully dynamic, row major (heap allocation)
     48 Matrix<double, 13, 3>                       // Fully fixed (usually allocated on stack)
     49 \endcode
     50 
     51 In most cases, you can simply use one of the convenience typedefs for \ref matrixtypedefs "matrices" and \ref arraytypedefs "arrays". Some examples:
     52 <table class="example">
     53 <tr><th>Matrices</th><th>Arrays</th></tr>
     54 <tr><td>\code
     55 Matrix<float,Dynamic,Dynamic>   <=>   MatrixXf
     56 Matrix<double,Dynamic,1>        <=>   VectorXd
     57 Matrix<int,1,Dynamic>           <=>   RowVectorXi
     58 Matrix<float,3,3>               <=>   Matrix3f
     59 Matrix<float,4,1>               <=>   Vector4f
     60 \endcode</td><td>\code
     61 Array<float,Dynamic,Dynamic>    <=>   ArrayXXf
     62 Array<double,Dynamic,1>         <=>   ArrayXd
     63 Array<int,1,Dynamic>            <=>   RowArrayXi
     64 Array<float,3,3>                <=>   Array33f
     65 Array<float,4,1>                <=>   Array4f
     66 \endcode</td></tr>
     67 </table>
     68 
     69 Conversion between the matrix and array worlds:
     70 \code
     71 Array44f a1, a2;
     72 Matrix4f m1, m2;
     73 m1 = a1 * a2;                     // coeffwise product, implicit conversion from array to matrix.
     74 a1 = m1 * m2;                     // matrix product, implicit conversion from matrix to array.
     75 a2 = a1 + m1.array();             // mixing array and matrix is forbidden
     76 m2 = a1.matrix() + m1;            // and explicit conversion is required.
     77 ArrayWrapper<Matrix4f> m1a(m1);   // m1a is an alias for m1.array(), they share the same coefficients
     78 MatrixWrapper<Array44f> a1m(a1);
     79 \endcode
     80 
     81 In the rest of this document we will use the following symbols to emphasize the features which are specifics to a given kind of object:
     82 \li <a name="matrixonly"></a>\matrixworld linear algebra matrix and vector only
     83 \li <a name="arrayonly"></a>\arrayworld array objects only
     84 
     85 \subsection QuickRef_Basics Basic matrix manipulation
     86 
     87 <table class="manual">
     88 <tr><th></th><th>1D objects</th><th>2D objects</th><th>Notes</th></tr>
     89 <tr><td>Constructors</td>
     90 <td>\code
     91 Vector4d  v4;
     92 Vector2f  v1(x, y);
     93 Array3i   v2(x, y, z);
     94 Vector4d  v3(x, y, z, w);
     95 
     96 VectorXf  v5; // empty object
     97 ArrayXf   v6(size);
     98 \endcode</td><td>\code
     99 Matrix4f  m1;
    100 
    101 
    102 
    103 
    104 MatrixXf  m5; // empty object
    105 MatrixXf  m6(nb_rows, nb_columns);
    106 \endcode</td><td class="note">
    107 By default, the coefficients \n are left uninitialized</td></tr>
    108 <tr class="alt"><td>Comma initializer</td>
    109 <td>\code
    110 Vector3f  v1;     v1 << x, y, z;
    111 ArrayXf   v2(4);  v2 << 1, 2, 3, 4;
    112 
    113 \endcode</td><td>\code
    114 Matrix3f  m1;   m1 << 1, 2, 3,
    115                       4, 5, 6,
    116                       7, 8, 9;
    117 \endcode</td><td></td></tr>
    118 
    119 <tr><td>Comma initializer (bis)</td>
    120 <td colspan="2">
    121 \include Tutorial_commainit_02.cpp
    122 </td>
    123 <td>
    124 output:
    125 \verbinclude Tutorial_commainit_02.out
    126 </td>
    127 </tr>
    128 
    129 <tr class="alt"><td>Runtime info</td>
    130 <td>\code
    131 vector.size();
    132 
    133 vector.innerStride();
    134 vector.data();
    135 \endcode</td><td>\code
    136 matrix.rows();          matrix.cols();
    137 matrix.innerSize();     matrix.outerSize();
    138 matrix.innerStride();   matrix.outerStride();
    139 matrix.data();
    140 \endcode</td><td class="note">Inner/Outer* are storage order dependent</td></tr>
    141 <tr><td>Compile-time info</td>
    142 <td colspan="2">\code
    143 ObjectType::Scalar              ObjectType::RowsAtCompileTime
    144 ObjectType::RealScalar          ObjectType::ColsAtCompileTime
    145 ObjectType::Index               ObjectType::SizeAtCompileTime
    146 \endcode</td><td></td></tr>
    147 <tr class="alt"><td>Resizing</td>
    148 <td>\code
    149 vector.resize(size);
    150 
    151 
    152 vector.resizeLike(other_vector);
    153 vector.conservativeResize(size);
    154 \endcode</td><td>\code
    155 matrix.resize(nb_rows, nb_cols);
    156 matrix.resize(Eigen::NoChange, nb_cols);
    157 matrix.resize(nb_rows, Eigen::NoChange);
    158 matrix.resizeLike(other_matrix);
    159 matrix.conservativeResize(nb_rows, nb_cols);
    160 \endcode</td><td class="note">no-op if the new sizes match,<br/>otherwise data are lost<br/><br/>resizing with data preservation</td></tr>
    161 
    162 <tr><td>Coeff access with \n range checking</td>
    163 <td>\code
    164 vector(i)     vector.x()
    165 vector[i]     vector.y()
    166               vector.z()
    167               vector.w()
    168 \endcode</td><td>\code
    169 matrix(i,j)
    170 \endcode</td><td class="note">Range checking is disabled if \n NDEBUG or EIGEN_NO_DEBUG is defined</td></tr>
    171 
    172 <tr class="alt"><td>Coeff access without \n range checking</td>
    173 <td>\code
    174 vector.coeff(i)
    175 vector.coeffRef(i)
    176 \endcode</td><td>\code
    177 matrix.coeff(i,j)
    178 matrix.coeffRef(i,j)
    179 \endcode</td><td></td></tr>
    180 
    181 <tr><td>Assignment/copy</td>
    182 <td colspan="2">\code
    183 object = expression;
    184 object_of_float = expression_of_double.cast<float>();
    185 \endcode</td><td class="note">the destination is automatically resized (if possible)</td></tr>
    186 
    187 </table>
    188 
    189 \subsection QuickRef_PredefMat Predefined Matrices
    190 
    191 <table class="manual">
    192 <tr>
    193   <th>Fixed-size matrix or vector</th>
    194   <th>Dynamic-size matrix</th>
    195   <th>Dynamic-size vector</th>
    196 </tr>
    197 <tr style="border-bottom-style: none;">
    198   <td>
    199 \code
    200 typedef {Matrix3f|Array33f} FixedXD;
    201 FixedXD x;
    202 
    203 x = FixedXD::Zero();
    204 x = FixedXD::Ones();
    205 x = FixedXD::Constant(value);
    206 x = FixedXD::Random();
    207 x = FixedXD::LinSpaced(size, low, high);
    208 
    209 x.setZero();
    210 x.setOnes();
    211 x.setConstant(value);
    212 x.setRandom();
    213 x.setLinSpaced(size, low, high);
    214 \endcode
    215   </td>
    216   <td>
    217 \code
    218 typedef {MatrixXf|ArrayXXf} Dynamic2D;
    219 Dynamic2D x;
    220 
    221 x = Dynamic2D::Zero(rows, cols);
    222 x = Dynamic2D::Ones(rows, cols);
    223 x = Dynamic2D::Constant(rows, cols, value);
    224 x = Dynamic2D::Random(rows, cols);
    225 N/A
    226 
    227 x.setZero(rows, cols);
    228 x.setOnes(rows, cols);
    229 x.setConstant(rows, cols, value);
    230 x.setRandom(rows, cols);
    231 N/A
    232 \endcode
    233   </td>
    234   <td>
    235 \code
    236 typedef {VectorXf|ArrayXf} Dynamic1D;
    237 Dynamic1D x;
    238 
    239 x = Dynamic1D::Zero(size);
    240 x = Dynamic1D::Ones(size);
    241 x = Dynamic1D::Constant(size, value);
    242 x = Dynamic1D::Random(size);
    243 x = Dynamic1D::LinSpaced(size, low, high);
    244 
    245 x.setZero(size);
    246 x.setOnes(size);
    247 x.setConstant(size, value);
    248 x.setRandom(size);
    249 x.setLinSpaced(size, low, high);
    250 \endcode
    251   </td>
    252 </tr>
    253 
    254 <tr><td colspan="3">Identity and \link MatrixBase::Unit basis vectors \endlink \matrixworld</td></tr>
    255 <tr style="border-bottom-style: none;">
    256   <td>
    257 \code
    258 x = FixedXD::Identity();
    259 x.setIdentity();
    260 
    261 Vector3f::UnitX() // 1 0 0
    262 Vector3f::UnitY() // 0 1 0
    263 Vector3f::UnitZ() // 0 0 1
    264 Vector4f::Unit(i)
    265 x.setUnit(i);
    266 \endcode
    267   </td>
    268   <td>
    269 \code
    270 x = Dynamic2D::Identity(rows, cols);
    271 x.setIdentity(rows, cols);
    272 
    273 
    274 
    275 N/A
    276 \endcode
    277   </td>
    278   <td>\code
    279 N/A
    280 
    281 
    282 VectorXf::Unit(size,i)
    283 x.setUnit(size,i);
    284 VectorXf::Unit(4,1) == Vector4f(0,1,0,0)
    285                     == Vector4f::UnitY()
    286 \endcode
    287   </td>
    288 </tr>
    289 </table>
    290 
    291 Note that it is allowed to call any of the \c set* functions to a dynamic-sized vector or matrix without passing new sizes.
    292 For instance:
    293 \code
    294 MatrixXi M(3,3);
    295 M.setIdentity();
    296 \endcode
    297 
    298 \subsection QuickRef_Map Mapping external arrays
    299 
    300 <table class="manual">
    301 <tr>
    302 <td>Contiguous \n memory</td>
    303 <td>\code
    304 float data[] = {1,2,3,4};
    305 Map<Vector3f> v1(data);       // uses v1 as a Vector3f object
    306 Map<ArrayXf>  v2(data,3);     // uses v2 as a ArrayXf object
    307 Map<Array22f> m1(data);       // uses m1 as a Array22f object
    308 Map<MatrixXf> m2(data,2,2);   // uses m2 as a MatrixXf object
    309 \endcode</td>
    310 </tr>
    311 <tr>
    312 <td>Typical usage \n of strides</td>
    313 <td>\code
    314 float data[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    315 Map<VectorXf,0,InnerStride<2> >  v1(data,3);                      // = [1,3,5]
    316 Map<VectorXf,0,InnerStride<> >   v2(data,3,InnerStride<>(3));     // = [1,4,7]
    317 Map<MatrixXf,0,OuterStride<3> >  m2(data,2,3);                    // both lines     |1,4,7|
    318 Map<MatrixXf,0,OuterStride<> >   m1(data,2,3,OuterStride<>(3));   // are equal to:  |2,5,8|
    319 \endcode</td>
    320 </tr>
    321 </table>
    322 
    323 
    324 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>
    325 \section QuickRef_ArithmeticOperators Arithmetic Operators
    326 
    327 <table class="manual">
    328 <tr><td>
    329 add \n subtract</td><td>\code
    330 mat3 = mat1 + mat2;           mat3 += mat1;
    331 mat3 = mat1 - mat2;           mat3 -= mat1;\endcode
    332 </td></tr>
    333 <tr class="alt"><td>
    334 scalar product</td><td>\code
    335 mat3 = mat1 * s1;             mat3 *= s1;           mat3 = s1 * mat1;
    336 mat3 = mat1 / s1;             mat3 /= s1;\endcode
    337 </td></tr>
    338 <tr><td>
    339 matrix/vector \n products \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    340 col2 = mat1 * col1;
    341 row2 = row1 * mat1;           row1 *= mat1;
    342 mat3 = mat1 * mat2;           mat3 *= mat1; \endcode
    343 </td></tr>
    344 <tr class="alt"><td>
    345 transposition \n adjoint \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    346 mat1 = mat2.transpose();      mat1.transposeInPlace();
    347 mat1 = mat2.adjoint();        mat1.adjointInPlace();
    348 \endcode
    349 </td></tr>
    350 <tr><td>
    351 \link MatrixBase::dot dot \endlink product \n inner product \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    352 scalar = vec1.dot(vec2);
    353 scalar = col1.adjoint() * col2;
    354 scalar = (col1.adjoint() * col2).value();\endcode
    355 </td></tr>
    356 <tr class="alt"><td>
    357 outer product \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    358 mat = col1 * col2.transpose();\endcode
    359 </td></tr>
    360 
    361 <tr><td>
    362 \link MatrixBase::norm() norm \endlink \n \link MatrixBase::normalized() normalization \endlink \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    363 scalar = vec1.norm();         scalar = vec1.squaredNorm()
    364 vec2 = vec1.normalized();     vec1.normalize(); // inplace \endcode
    365 </td></tr>
    366 
    367 <tr class="alt"><td>
    368 \link MatrixBase::cross() cross product \endlink \matrixworld</td><td>\code
    369 #include <Eigen/Geometry>
    370 vec3 = vec1.cross(vec2);\endcode</td></tr>
    371 </table>
    372 
    373 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>
    374 \section QuickRef_Coeffwise Coefficient-wise \& Array operators
    375 
    376 In addition to the aforementioned operators, Eigen supports numerous coefficient-wise operator and functions.
    377 Most of them unambiguously makes sense in array-world\arrayworld. The following operators are readily available for arrays,
    378 or available through .array() for vectors and matrices:
    379 
    380 <table class="manual">
    381 <tr><td>Arithmetic operators</td><td>\code
    382 array1 * array2     array1 / array2     array1 *= array2    array1 /= array2
    383 array1 + scalar     array1 - scalar     array1 += scalar    array1 -= scalar
    384 \endcode</td></tr>
    385 <tr><td>Comparisons</td><td>\code
    386 array1 < array2     array1 > array2     array1 < scalar     array1 > scalar
    387 array1 <= array2    array1 >= array2    array1 <= scalar    array1 >= scalar
    388 array1 == array2    array1 != array2    array1 == scalar    array1 != scalar
    389 array1.min(array2)  array1.max(array2)  array1.min(scalar)  array1.max(scalar)
    390 \endcode</td></tr>
    391 <tr><td>Trigo, power, and \n misc functions \n and the STL-like variants</td><td>\code
    392 array1.abs2()
    393 array1.abs()                  abs(array1)
    394 array1.sqrt()                 sqrt(array1)
    395 array1.log()                  log(array1)
    396 array1.log10()                log10(array1)
    397 array1.exp()                  exp(array1)
    398 array1.pow(array2)            pow(array1,array2)
    399 array1.pow(scalar)            pow(array1,scalar)
    400                               pow(scalar,array2)
    401 array1.square()
    402 array1.cube()
    403 array1.inverse()
    404 
    405 array1.sin()                  sin(array1)
    406 array1.cos()                  cos(array1)
    407 array1.tan()                  tan(array1)
    408 array1.asin()                 asin(array1)
    409 array1.acos()                 acos(array1)
    410 array1.atan()                 atan(array1)
    411 array1.sinh()                 sinh(array1)
    412 array1.cosh()                 cosh(array1)
    413 array1.tanh()                 tanh(array1)
    414 array1.arg()                  arg(array1)
    415 
    416 array1.floor()                floor(array1)
    417 array1.ceil()                 ceil(array1)
    418 array1.round()                round(aray1)
    419 
    420 array1.isFinite()             isfinite(array1)
    421 array1.isInf()                isinf(array1)
    422 array1.isNaN()                isnan(array1)
    423 \endcode
    424 </td></tr>
    425 </table>
    426 
    427 
    428 The following coefficient-wise operators are available for all kind of expressions (matrices, vectors, and arrays), and for both real or complex scalar types:
    429 
    430 <table class="manual">
    431 <tr><th>Eigen's API</th><th>STL-like APIs\arrayworld </th><th>Comments</th></tr>
    432 <tr><td>\code
    433 mat1.real()
    434 mat1.imag()
    435 mat1.conjugate()
    436 \endcode
    437 </td><td>\code
    438 real(array1)
    439 imag(array1)
    440 conj(array1)
    441 \endcode
    442 </td><td>
    443 \code
    444  // read-write, no-op for real expressions
    445  // read-only for real, read-write for complexes
    446  // no-op for real expressions
    447 \endcode
    448 </td></tr>
    449 </table>
    450 
    451 Some coefficient-wise operators are readily available for for matrices and vectors through the following cwise* methods:
    452 <table class="manual">
    453 <tr><th>Matrix API \matrixworld</th><th>Via Array conversions</th></tr>
    454 <tr><td>\code
    455 mat1.cwiseMin(mat2)         mat1.cwiseMin(scalar)
    456 mat1.cwiseMax(mat2)         mat1.cwiseMax(scalar)
    457 mat1.cwiseAbs2()
    458 mat1.cwiseAbs()
    459 mat1.cwiseSqrt()
    460 mat1.cwiseInverse()
    461 mat1.cwiseProduct(mat2)
    462 mat1.cwiseQuotient(mat2)
    463 mat1.cwiseEqual(mat2)       mat1.cwiseEqual(scalar)
    464 mat1.cwiseNotEqual(mat2)
    465 \endcode
    466 </td><td>\code
    467 mat1.array().min(mat2.array())    mat1.array().min(scalar)
    468 mat1.array().max(mat2.array())    mat1.array().max(scalar)
    469 mat1.array().abs2()
    470 mat1.array().abs()
    471 mat1.array().sqrt()
    472 mat1.array().inverse()
    473 mat1.array() * mat2.array()
    474 mat1.array() / mat2.array()
    475 mat1.array() == mat2.array()      mat1.array() == scalar
    476 mat1.array() != mat2.array()
    477 \endcode</td></tr>
    478 </table>
    479 The main difference between the two API is that the one based on cwise* methods returns an expression in the matrix world,
    480 while the second one (based on .array()) returns an array expression.
    481 Recall that .array() has no cost, it only changes the available API and interpretation of the data.
    482 
    483 It is also very simple to apply any user defined function \c foo using DenseBase::unaryExpr together with <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/functional/ptr_fun">std::ptr_fun</a> (c++03, deprecated or removed in newer C++ versions), <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/functional/ref">std::ref</a> (c++11), or <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">lambdas</a> (c++11):
    484 \code
    485 mat1.unaryExpr(std::ptr_fun(foo));
    486 mat1.unaryExpr(std::ref(foo));
    487 mat1.unaryExpr([](double x) { return foo(x); });
    488 \endcode
    489 
    490 Please note that it's not possible to pass a raw function pointer to \c unaryExpr, so please warp it as shown above.
    491 
    492 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>
    493 \section QuickRef_Reductions Reductions
    494 
    495 Eigen provides several reduction methods such as:
    496 \link DenseBase::minCoeff() minCoeff() \endlink, \link DenseBase::maxCoeff() maxCoeff() \endlink,
    497 \link DenseBase::sum() sum() \endlink, \link DenseBase::prod() prod() \endlink,
    498 \link MatrixBase::trace() trace() \endlink \matrixworld,
    499 \link MatrixBase::norm() norm() \endlink \matrixworld, \link MatrixBase::squaredNorm() squaredNorm() \endlink \matrixworld,
    500 \link DenseBase::all() all() \endlink, and \link DenseBase::any() any() \endlink.
    501 All reduction operations can be done matrix-wise,
    502 \link DenseBase::colwise() column-wise \endlink or
    503 \link DenseBase::rowwise() row-wise \endlink. Usage example:
    504 <table class="manual">
    505 <tr><td rowspan="3" style="border-right-style:dashed;vertical-align:middle">\code
    506       5 3 1
    507 mat = 2 7 8
    508       9 4 6 \endcode
    509 </td> <td>\code mat.minCoeff(); \endcode</td><td>\code 1 \endcode</td></tr>
    510 <tr class="alt"><td>\code mat.colwise().minCoeff(); \endcode</td><td>\code 2 3 1 \endcode</td></tr>
    511 <tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td>\code mat.rowwise().minCoeff(); \endcode</td><td>\code
    512 1
    513 2
    514 4
    515 \endcode</td></tr>
    516 </table>
    517 
    518 Special versions of \link DenseBase::minCoeff(IndexType*,IndexType*) const minCoeff \endlink and \link DenseBase::maxCoeff(IndexType*,IndexType*) const maxCoeff \endlink:
    519 \code
    520 int i, j;
    521 s = vector.minCoeff(&i);        // s == vector[i]
    522 s = matrix.maxCoeff(&i, &j);    // s == matrix(i,j)
    523 \endcode
    524 Typical use cases of all() and any():
    525 \code
    526 if((array1 > 0).all()) ...      // if all coefficients of array1 are greater than 0 ...
    527 if((array1 < array2).any()) ... // if there exist a pair i,j such that array1(i,j) < array2(i,j) ...
    528 \endcode
    529 
    530 
    531 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>\section QuickRef_Blocks Sub-matrices
    532 
    533 <div class="warningbox">
    534 <strong>PLEASE HELP US IMPROVING THIS SECTION.</strong>
    535 %Eigen 3.4 supports a much improved API for sub-matrices, including,
    536 slicing and indexing from arrays: \ref TutorialSlicingIndexing
    537 </div>
    538 
    539 Read-write access to a \link DenseBase::col(Index) column \endlink
    540 or a \link DenseBase::row(Index) row \endlink of a matrix (or array):
    541 \code
    542 mat1.row(i) = mat2.col(j);
    543 mat1.col(j1).swap(mat1.col(j2));
    544 \endcode
    545 
    546 Read-write access to sub-vectors:
    547 <table class="manual">
    548 <tr>
    549 <th>Default versions</th>
    550 <th>Optimized versions when the size \n is known at compile time</th></tr>
    551 <th></th>
    552 
    553 <tr><td>\code vec1.head(n)\endcode</td><td>\code vec1.head<n>()\endcode</td><td>the first \c n coeffs </td></tr>
    554 <tr><td>\code vec1.tail(n)\endcode</td><td>\code vec1.tail<n>()\endcode</td><td>the last \c n coeffs </td></tr>
    555 <tr><td>\code vec1.segment(pos,n)\endcode</td><td>\code vec1.segment<n>(pos)\endcode</td>
    556     <td>the \c n coeffs in the \n range [\c pos : \c pos + \c n - 1]</td></tr>
    557 <tr class="alt"><td colspan="3">
    558 
    559 Read-write access to sub-matrices:</td></tr>
    560 <tr>
    561   <td>\code mat1.block(i,j,rows,cols)\endcode
    562       \link DenseBase::block(Index,Index,Index,Index) (more) \endlink</td>
    563   <td>\code mat1.block<rows,cols>(i,j)\endcode
    564       \link DenseBase::block(Index,Index) (more) \endlink</td>
    565   <td>the \c rows x \c cols sub-matrix \n starting from position (\c i,\c j)</td></tr>
    566 <tr><td>\code
    567  mat1.topLeftCorner(rows,cols)
    568  mat1.topRightCorner(rows,cols)
    569  mat1.bottomLeftCorner(rows,cols)
    570  mat1.bottomRightCorner(rows,cols)\endcode
    571  <td>\code
    572  mat1.topLeftCorner<rows,cols>()
    573  mat1.topRightCorner<rows,cols>()
    574  mat1.bottomLeftCorner<rows,cols>()
    575  mat1.bottomRightCorner<rows,cols>()\endcode
    576  <td>the \c rows x \c cols sub-matrix \n taken in one of the four corners</td></tr>
    577  <tr><td>\code
    578  mat1.topRows(rows)
    579  mat1.bottomRows(rows)
    580  mat1.leftCols(cols)
    581  mat1.rightCols(cols)\endcode
    582  <td>\code
    583  mat1.topRows<rows>()
    584  mat1.bottomRows<rows>()
    585  mat1.leftCols<cols>()
    586  mat1.rightCols<cols>()\endcode
    587  <td>specialized versions of block() \n when the block fit two corners</td></tr>
    588 </table>
    589 
    590 
    591 
    592 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>\section QuickRef_Misc Miscellaneous operations
    593 
    594 <div class="warningbox">
    595 <strong>PLEASE HELP US IMPROVING THIS SECTION.</strong>
    596 %Eigen 3.4 supports a new API for reshaping: \ref TutorialReshape
    597 </div>
    598 
    599 \subsection QuickRef_Reverse Reverse
    600 Vectors, rows, and/or columns of a matrix can be reversed (see DenseBase::reverse(), DenseBase::reverseInPlace(), VectorwiseOp::reverse()).
    601 \code
    602 vec.reverse()           mat.colwise().reverse()   mat.rowwise().reverse()
    603 vec.reverseInPlace()
    604 \endcode
    605 
    606 \subsection QuickRef_Replicate Replicate
    607 Vectors, matrices, rows, and/or columns can be replicated in any direction (see DenseBase::replicate(), VectorwiseOp::replicate())
    608 \code
    609 vec.replicate(times)                                          vec.replicate<Times>
    610 mat.replicate(vertical_times, horizontal_times)               mat.replicate<VerticalTimes, HorizontalTimes>()
    611 mat.colwise().replicate(vertical_times, horizontal_times)     mat.colwise().replicate<VerticalTimes, HorizontalTimes>()
    612 mat.rowwise().replicate(vertical_times, horizontal_times)     mat.rowwise().replicate<VerticalTimes, HorizontalTimes>()
    613 \endcode
    614 
    615 
    616 <a href="#" class="top">top</a>\section QuickRef_DiagTriSymm Diagonal, Triangular, and Self-adjoint matrices
    617 (matrix world \matrixworld)
    618 
    619 \subsection QuickRef_Diagonal Diagonal matrices
    620 
    621 <table class="example">
    622 <tr><th>Operation</th><th>Code</th></tr>
    623 <tr><td>
    624 view a vector \link MatrixBase::asDiagonal() as a diagonal matrix \endlink \n </td><td>\code
    625 mat1 = vec1.asDiagonal();\endcode
    626 </td></tr>
    627 <tr><td>
    628 Declare a diagonal matrix</td><td>\code
    629 DiagonalMatrix<Scalar,SizeAtCompileTime> diag1(size);
    630 diag1.diagonal() = vector;\endcode
    631 </td></tr>
    632 <tr><td>Access the \link MatrixBase::diagonal() diagonal \endlink and \link MatrixBase::diagonal(Index) super/sub diagonals \endlink of a matrix as a vector (read/write)</td>
    633  <td>\code
    634 vec1 = mat1.diagonal();        mat1.diagonal() = vec1;      // main diagonal
    635 vec1 = mat1.diagonal(+n);      mat1.diagonal(+n) = vec1;    // n-th super diagonal
    636 vec1 = mat1.diagonal(-n);      mat1.diagonal(-n) = vec1;    // n-th sub diagonal
    637 vec1 = mat1.diagonal<1>();     mat1.diagonal<1>() = vec1;   // first super diagonal
    638 vec1 = mat1.diagonal<-2>();    mat1.diagonal<-2>() = vec1;  // second sub diagonal
    639 \endcode</td>
    640 </tr>
    641 
    642 <tr><td>Optimized products and inverse</td>
    643  <td>\code
    644 mat3  = scalar * diag1 * mat1;
    645 mat3 += scalar * mat1 * vec1.asDiagonal();
    646 mat3 = vec1.asDiagonal().inverse() * mat1
    647 mat3 = mat1 * diag1.inverse()
    648 \endcode</td>
    649 </tr>
    650 
    651 </table>
    652 
    653 \subsection QuickRef_TriangularView Triangular views
    654 
    655 TriangularView gives a view on a triangular part of a dense matrix and allows to perform optimized operations on it. The opposite triangular part is never referenced and can be used to store other information.
    656 
    657 \note The .triangularView() template member function requires the \c template keyword if it is used on an
    658 object of a type that depends on a template parameter; see \ref TopicTemplateKeyword for details.
    659 
    660 <table class="example">
    661 <tr><th>Operation</th><th>Code</th></tr>
    662 <tr><td>
    663 Reference to a triangular with optional \n
    664 unit or null diagonal (read/write):
    665 </td><td>\code
    666 m.triangularView<Xxx>()
    667 \endcode \n
    668 \c Xxx = ::Upper, ::Lower, ::StrictlyUpper, ::StrictlyLower, ::UnitUpper, ::UnitLower
    669 </td></tr>
    670 <tr><td>
    671 Writing to a specific triangular part:\n (only the referenced triangular part is evaluated)
    672 </td><td>\code
    673 m1.triangularView<Eigen::Lower>() = m2 + m3 \endcode
    674 </td></tr>
    675 <tr><td>
    676 Conversion to a dense matrix setting the opposite triangular part to zero:
    677 </td><td>\code
    678 m2 = m1.triangularView<Eigen::UnitUpper>()\endcode
    679 </td></tr>
    680 <tr><td>
    681 Products:
    682 </td><td>\code
    683 m3 += s1 * m1.adjoint().triangularView<Eigen::UnitUpper>() * m2
    684 m3 -= s1 * m2.conjugate() * m1.adjoint().triangularView<Eigen::Lower>() \endcode
    685 </td></tr>
    686 <tr><td>
    687 Solving linear equations:\n
    688 \f$ M_2 := L_1^{-1} M_2 \f$ \n
    689 \f$ M_3 := {L_1^*}^{-1} M_3 \f$ \n
    690 \f$ M_4 := M_4 U_1^{-1} \f$
    691 </td><td>\n \code
    692 L1.triangularView<Eigen::UnitLower>().solveInPlace(M2)
    693 L1.triangularView<Eigen::Lower>().adjoint().solveInPlace(M3)
    694 U1.triangularView<Eigen::Upper>().solveInPlace<OnTheRight>(M4)\endcode
    695 </td></tr>
    696 </table>
    697 
    698 \subsection QuickRef_SelfadjointMatrix Symmetric/selfadjoint views
    699 
    700 Just as for triangular matrix, you can reference any triangular part of a square matrix to see it as a selfadjoint
    701 matrix and perform special and optimized operations. Again the opposite triangular part is never referenced and can be
    702 used to store other information.
    703 
    704 \note The .selfadjointView() template member function requires the \c template keyword if it is used on an
    705 object of a type that depends on a template parameter; see \ref TopicTemplateKeyword for details.
    706 
    707 <table class="example">
    708 <tr><th>Operation</th><th>Code</th></tr>
    709 <tr><td>
    710 Conversion to a dense matrix:
    711 </td><td>\code
    712 m2 = m.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>();\endcode
    713 </td></tr>
    714 <tr><td>
    715 Product with another general matrix or vector:
    716 </td><td>\code
    717 m3  = s1 * m1.conjugate().selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>() * m3;
    718 m3 -= s1 * m3.adjoint() * m1.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>();\endcode
    719 </td></tr>
    720 <tr><td>
    721 Rank 1 and rank K update: \n
    722 \f$ upper(M_1) \mathrel{{+}{=}} s_1 M_2 M_2^* \f$ \n
    723 \f$ lower(M_1) \mathbin{{-}{=}} M_2^* M_2 \f$
    724 </td><td>\n \code
    725 M1.selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>().rankUpdate(M2,s1);
    726 M1.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>().rankUpdate(M2.adjoint(),-1); \endcode
    727 </td></tr>
    728 <tr><td>
    729 Rank 2 update: (\f$ M \mathrel{{+}{=}} s u v^* + s v u^* \f$)
    730 </td><td>\code
    731 M.selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>().rankUpdate(u,v,s);
    732 \endcode
    733 </td></tr>
    734 <tr><td>
    735 Solving linear equations:\n(\f$ M_2 := M_1^{-1} M_2 \f$)
    736 </td><td>\code
    737 // via a standard Cholesky factorization
    738 m2 = m1.selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>().llt().solve(m2);
    739 // via a Cholesky factorization with pivoting
    740 m2 = m1.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>().ldlt().solve(m2);
    741 \endcode
    742 </td></tr>
    743 </table>
    744 
    745 */
    746 
    747 /*
    748 <table class="tutorial_code">
    749 <tr><td>
    750 \link MatrixBase::asDiagonal() make a diagonal matrix \endlink \n from a vector </td><td>\code
    751 mat1 = vec1.asDiagonal();\endcode
    752 </td></tr>
    753 <tr><td>
    754 Declare a diagonal matrix</td><td>\code
    755 DiagonalMatrix<Scalar,SizeAtCompileTime> diag1(size);
    756 diag1.diagonal() = vector;\endcode
    757 </td></tr>
    758 <tr><td>Access \link MatrixBase::diagonal() the diagonal and super/sub diagonals of a matrix \endlink as a vector (read/write)</td>
    759  <td>\code
    760 vec1 = mat1.diagonal();            mat1.diagonal() = vec1;      // main diagonal
    761 vec1 = mat1.diagonal(+n);          mat1.diagonal(+n) = vec1;    // n-th super diagonal
    762 vec1 = mat1.diagonal(-n);          mat1.diagonal(-n) = vec1;    // n-th sub diagonal
    763 vec1 = mat1.diagonal<1>();         mat1.diagonal<1>() = vec1;   // first super diagonal
    764 vec1 = mat1.diagonal<-2>();        mat1.diagonal<-2>() = vec1;  // second sub diagonal
    765 \endcode</td>
    766 </tr>
    767 
    768 <tr><td>View on a triangular part of a matrix (read/write)</td>
    769  <td>\code
    770 mat2 = mat1.triangularView<Xxx>();
    771 // Xxx = Upper, Lower, StrictlyUpper, StrictlyLower, UnitUpper, UnitLower
    772 mat1.triangularView<Upper>() = mat2 + mat3; // only the upper part is evaluated and referenced
    773 \endcode</td></tr>
    774 
    775 <tr><td>View a triangular part as a symmetric/self-adjoint matrix (read/write)</td>
    776  <td>\code
    777 mat2 = mat1.selfadjointView<Xxx>();     // Xxx = Upper or Lower
    778 mat1.selfadjointView<Upper>() = mat2 + mat2.adjoint();  // evaluated and write to the upper triangular part only
    779 \endcode</td></tr>
    780 
    781 </table>
    782 
    783 Optimized products:
    784 \code
    785 mat3 += scalar * vec1.asDiagonal() * mat1
    786 mat3 += scalar * mat1 * vec1.asDiagonal()
    787 mat3.noalias() += scalar * mat1.triangularView<Xxx>() * mat2
    788 mat3.noalias() += scalar * mat2 * mat1.triangularView<Xxx>()
    789 mat3.noalias() += scalar * mat1.selfadjointView<Upper or Lower>() * mat2
    790 mat3.noalias() += scalar * mat2 * mat1.selfadjointView<Upper or Lower>()
    791 mat1.selfadjointView<Upper or Lower>().rankUpdate(mat2);
    792 mat1.selfadjointView<Upper or Lower>().rankUpdate(mat2.adjoint(), scalar);
    793 \endcode
    794 
    795 Inverse products: (all are optimized)
    796 \code
    797 mat3 = vec1.asDiagonal().inverse() * mat1
    798 mat3 = mat1 * diag1.inverse()
    799 mat1.triangularView<Xxx>().solveInPlace(mat2)
    800 mat1.triangularView<Xxx>().solveInPlace<OnTheRight>(mat2)
    801 mat2 = mat1.selfadjointView<Upper or Lower>().llt().solve(mat2)
    802 \endcode
    803 
    804 */
    805 }